Ultrafast intra-atom motion tracked using synchrotron radiation

Physical Review Letters, 126, 113202 (2021)

Yasumasa Hikosaka, professor at University of Toyama, and his colleagues have observed, and interfered with, the ultrafast motion of electron movement inside of a Xenon atom using the coherent pairs of short light waves in synchrotron radiation. Xenon, consisting of a nucleus surrounded by five nested shells containing a total of 54 electrons, is used in flash lamps, and it burns bright and fast. The luminescent electrons move there on a time scale of one billionth of a second. The fast electron movement is however six orders of magnitude slower than that the scientists observed. Using the synchrotron facility at Institute for Molecular Science, the research team tracked the electron movement in relaxation to shed energy by dropping from an outer shell to an inner shell. The process happens at a timescale of femtoseconds, or one millionth of a billionth of a second. A femtosecond is to a second as a second is to almost 32 million years. The ability to observe and control such ultrafast processes could open the door to next-generation experiments and applications, according to the researchers.

Controlling and probing the electronic motion in atoms and molecules on their natural time scale of attoseconds ¡ª which are one-thousandth of a femtosecond ¡ª is one of the frontiers in atomic physics and attosecond physics. The research team demonstrated that ultrashort processes in atoms and molecules can be tracked using the ultrashort property of the radiation wave packet. Recent advances in laser technology enable us to produce ultraquick, or ultrashort, double light pulses that can interact with subatomic processes. This interference can be controlled by precisely tuning the time between each pulse. The pulse excites electrons, the motion of which is referred to as an electron wave packet. The research team have achieved this technology using synchrotron radiation which has a great advantage in generating higher energy photons than those by lasers. This new capability of synchrotron radiation not only helps scientists¡¯ study ultrafast phenomena in atomic and molecular processes, but may also open up new applications in the development of functional materials and electronic devices in the future.